Violaceae

AFROHYBANTHUS Flicker

  1. Afrohybanthus verbi-divini (Everaarts) Flicker, Phytotaxa 230: 52 (2015); POWO (2026). – Pigea verbi-divini (Everaarts) P.I.Forst. in Austrobaileya 11: 32 (2021); Sun et al., Plants 13 (2024). – Hybanthus enneaspermus var. verbi-divini Everaarts in Fl. Males., Ser. 1, Spermat. 7: 831 (1971). Endemic to Lesser Sunda Islands: Flores. NUSA TENGGARA.
  2. Afrohybanthus enneaspermus (L.) Flicker, Phytotaxa 230: 47 (2015); POWO (2026). – Calceolaria enneasperma (L.) Kuntze in Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 41 (1891). – Hybanthus enneaspermus (L.) F.Muell. in Fragm. 10: 81 (1876). – Ionidium enneaspermum (L.) Vent. in Jard. Malmaison: t. 27 (1803). – Pigea enneasperma (L.) P.I.Forst. in Austrobaileya 11: 29 (2021); Sun et al., Plants 13 (2024). – Viola enneasperma L. in Sp. Pl.: 937 (1753). – Polygala frutescens Burm.f. ex DC. in Prodr. 1: 308 (1824), not validly publ. – Polygala thea Burm.f. in Fl. Indica: 154 (1768). – Polygala theezans L. in Mant. Pl. 2: 260 (1771), nom. illeg. superfl. – Alsodeia socotrana Balf.f. in Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh 12: 402 (1884). – Calceolaria thymifolia (C.Presl) Kuntze in Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 41 (1891). – Hybanthus enneaspermus f. angustifolius Domin in Biblioth. Bot. 22(89): 429 (1928). – Hybanthus enneaspermus var. banksianus (Ging. ex DC.) Domin in Biblioth. Bot. 22(89): 429 (1928). – Hybanthus enneaspermus var. communis Domin in Biblioth. Bot. 22(89): 428 (1928). – Hybanthus enneaspermus var. densifolius Grey-Wilson in Kew Bull. 39: 772 (1984). – Hybanthus enneaspermus var. diversifolius Grey-Wilson in Kew Bull. 36: 106 (1981). – Hybanthus enneaspermus f. flavus Domin in Biblioth. Bot. 22(89): 429 (1928). – Hybanthus enneaspermus var. pseudoafer Grey-Wilson in Kew Bull. 36: 109 (1981). – Hybanthus enneaspermus f. pubescens Domin in Biblioth. Bot. 22(89): 429 (1928). – Hybanthus fritzscheanus Engl. in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 55: 399 (1919). – Hybanthus heterophyllus (Vent.) Baill. in Traité Bot. Méd. Phan. 2: 841 (1884). – Hybanthus heterophyllus f. xerophilus H.Perrier in Fl. Madagasc. 198: 9 (1954). – Hybanthus hildebrandtii Engl. in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 55: 398 (1919). – Hybanthus hirtus (Klotzsch) Engl. in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 55: 399 (1919). – Hybanthus hirtus var. glabrescens Engl. in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 55: 399 (1919). – Hybanthus hirtus var. klotzschii Engl. in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 55: 400 (1919), not validly publ. – Hybanthus linifolius Baill. in Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris 1: 584 (1886). – Hybanthus miniatus F.Muell. in Trans. & Proc. Rep. Roy. Soc. South Australia 13: 97 (1890). – Hybanthus mollis Melch. in H.G.A.Engler, Nat. Pflanzenfam., ed. 2. 21: 360 (1925). – Hybanthus nyassensis Engl. in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 55: 400 (1919). – Hybanthus suffruticosus (L.) Baill. in Traité Bot. Méd. Phan. 2: 841 (1884). – Hybanthus thesiifolius (Juss. ex Poir.) Hutch. & Dalziel in Fl. W. Trop. Afr. 1: 97 (1927). – Hybanthus thymifolius (C.Presl) Engl. in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 55: 400 (1919). – Hybanthus zippelii Melch. in H.G.A.Engler, Nat. Pflanzenfam., ed. 2. 21: 360 (1925). – Ionidium aethiopicum Turcz. in Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 27(II): 339 (1854 publ. 1855). – Ionidium banksianum (Ging. ex DC.) Steud. in Nomencl. Bot., ed. 2, 1: 813 (1840). – Ionidium dahomensis A.Chev. in Explor. Bot. Afrique Occ. Franç. 1: 33 (1920), nom. subnud. – Ionidium dahomensis var. maritimum A.Chev. in Explor. Bot. Afrique Occ. Franç. 1: 33 (1920), nom. subnud. – Ionidium enneaspermum var. hirtum (Klotzsch) Oliv. in Fl. Trop. Afr. 1: 106 (1868). – Ionidium enneaspermum var. thesiifolium De Wild. & T.Durand in Ann. Mus. Congo Belge, Bot., sér. 2, 1(2): 3 (1900). – Ionidium erectum Ging. in Jard. Malmaison: t. 27 (1803). – Ionidium frutescens Schult. in J.J.Roemer & J.A.Schultes, Syst. Veg., ed. 15[bis]. 5: 394 (1819). – Ionidium heterophyllum Vent. in Jard. Malmaison: t. 27 (1803). – Ionidium hexaspermum Dalzell in Hooker’s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 4: 342 (1852). – Ionidium hirtum Klotzsch in W.C.H.Peters, Naturw. Reise Mossambique 6(Bot., 1): 148 (1861). – Ionidium indicum Capit. in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 57: 396 (1910). – Ionidium leptorhizum DC. ex Ging. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 1: 308 (1824). – Ionidium linifolium DC. ex Ging. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 1: 309 (1824). – Ionidium molle Turcz. in Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 27(II): 338 (1854 publ. 1855). – Ionidium rhabdospermum Hochst. in Flora 24(1, Intelligenzbl.): 43 (1841). – Ionidium subglaucum Herzog in Meded. Rijks-Herb. 46: 15 (1921). – Ionidium suffruticosum (L.) Roth ex Schult. in J.J.Roemer & J.A.Schultes, Syst. Veg., ed. 15[bis]. 5: 394 (1819). – Ionidium thesiifolium (Juss. ex Poir.) Schult. in J.J.Roemer & J.A.Schultes, Syst. Veg., ed. 15[bis]. 5: 398 (1819). – Ionidium thymifolium C.Presl in Reliq. Haenk. 2: 91 (1835). – Ionidium thymifolium var. pubescens C.Presl in Reliq. Haenk. 2: 97 (1835). – Ionidium wightiana Wall. in Numer. List: n.° 4020 (1831). – Ionidium zippelii Oudem. in Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 3: 78 (1867). – Pigea banksiana Ging. ex DC. in Prodr. 1: 307 (1824). – Solea enneasperma Spreng. in Syst. Veg., ed. 16. 1: 804 (1824). – Solea erecta Spreng. in Syst. Veg., ed. 16. 1: 804 (1824). – Solea heterophylla Spreng. in Syst. Veg., ed. 16. 1: 804 (1824). – Solea linifolia Spreng. in Syst. Veg., ed. 16. 1: 803 (1824). – Solea montana Zipp. ex Span. in Linnaea 15: 167 (1841). – Viola angustifolia Banks ex Ging. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 1: 307 (1824), not validly publ. – Viola erecta Roth in J.J.Roemer & J.A.Schultes, Syst. Veg., ed. 15[bis]. 5: 380 (1819). – Viola frutescens (Schult.) B.Heyne ex Roth in Nov. Pl. Sp.: 166 (1821). – Viola guineensis Schumach. & Thonn. in Beskr. Guin. Pl.: 133 (1827). – Viola heterophylla (Vent.) Poir. in J.B.A.M.de Lamarck, Encycl. 8: 646 (1808). – Viola lanceifolia Schumach. & Thonn. in Beskr. Guin. Pl.: 134 (1827). – Viola linifolia Juss. in J.B.A.M.de Lamarck, Encycl. 8: 647 (1808). – Viola suffruticosa L. in Sp. Pl.: 937 (1753). – Viola thesiifolia Juss. ex Poir. in J.B.A.M.de Lamarck, Encycl. 8: 649 (1808). Tropical Old World. JAVA, KALIMANTAN, NUSA TENGGARA, MALUKU, PAPUA. Photos

 

AGATEA A.Gray

  1. Agatea violaris A.Gray, Bot. U.S. Expl. Exp. 1 (1854) 89, t. 7; Jacobs & Moore, Fl. Malesiana ser 1. 7, 1 (1971) 194. – Agatea macrobotrys K.Schum. & Lauterb. Fl. Schutzgeb. (1901) 453, t. 14. – Agatea salomonensis Merr. & L.M.Perry, J. Arn. Arb. 24 (1943) 209. New Guinea to the Pacific. PAPUA.

 

RINOREA Aubl.

  1. Rinorea anguifera (Lour.) O.K. Rev. Gen. PI. 1 (1891) 42; Jacobs & Moore, Fl. Malesiana ser 1. 7, 1 (1971) 183. – Medusa anguifera Lour. Fl. Cochinch. (1790) 406. – Alsodeia echinocarpa Korth. Ned. Kruidk. Arch. 1 (1848) 360. – Pentaloba corylifolia Turcz. Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou 27, ii (1854) 341. – Alsodeia corylifolia (Turcz.) Turcz. Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou 36 (1863) i 559. – Alsodeia capillata King, J. As. Soc. Beng. 58, ii (1889) 407. – Alsodeia comosa King, J. As. Soc. Beng. 58, ii (1889) 407. – Alsodeia echinocarpa Korth. var. nervosa Capit. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 57 (1910) 394, et var. zollingeri Boerl. ex Capit. I.e. – Rinorea anguifera var. nervosa (Capit.) Merr. Philip. J. Sc. 11 (1916) Bot. 100. – Rinorea comosa (Kino) Merr. En. Born. (1921) 410. – Rinorea echinocarpa Burk. Gard. Bull. S. S. 6 (1930)172. Indochina, Thailand, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo. SUMATRA, KALIMANTAN.
  2. Rinorea bengalensis (Wall.) O.K. Rev. Gen. PI. 1 (1891) 42; Jacobs & Moore, Fl. Malesiana ser 1. 7, 1 (1971) 184. – Alsodeia bengalensis Wall. Trans. Med. Phys. Soc. Calc. 7 (1835) 224. – Alsodeia obtusa Korth. Ned. Kruidk. Arch. 1 (1848) 359. – Pentaloba semigyrata Turcz. I.c. 342. – Alsodeia fasciculata (Turcz.) Turcz. Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou 36 (1863) i 559. – Alsodeia paradoxa Blume ex Oudem. in Miq. Ann. 3 (1867) 71. – Alsodeia wallichiana Hook. f. & Thomson in Hook.f. Fl. Br. Ind. 1 (1872) 187. – Rinorea wallichiana (Hook. f. & Thomson) O.K. Rev. Gen. PI. 1 (1891) 42. – Rinorea obtusa (Korth.) O.K. Rev. Gen. PI. 1 (1891) 42. – Gelonium glandulosum Elm. Lean. Philip. Bot. 3 (1910) 917. – Gelonium trifidum Elm. I.e. 918. – Alsodeia lankawiense Ridl.J. Str. Br.R.As. Soc. 59 (1911) 70. – Alsodeia pruinosa Pulle, Nova Guinea 8 (1912) 669. – Alsodeia salomonensis Rech. in Fedde, Rep. 11 (1912) 184. – Rinorea paradoxa (Blume ex Oudem.) J.J.Sm. in K. & V. Bijdr. 13 (1914) 67. – Alsodeia semigyrata (Turcz.) J.J.Sm., I.e. 72. – Rinorea semigyrata (Turcz.) J.J.Sm., I.e. 71. – Rinorea fasciculata var. minor Elm. Leafl. Philip. Bot. 8 (1915) 2877. – Rinorea fasciculata (Turcz.) Merr. Philip. J. Sc. 12 (1917) Bot. 286. – Rinorea glandulosa (Elm.) Merr. Philip. J. Sc. 12 (1917) Bot. 286. – Rinorea lankawiensis (Ridl.) Craib, Fl. Siam. En. 1 (1925) 90. – Rinorea pruinosa (Pulle) Melch. in ENGLER & PRANTLNat. Pfl. Fam. ed. 2, 21 (1925) 352. – Rinorea salomonensis (Rech.) Melch. in ENGLER & PRANTLNat. Pfl. Fam. ed. 2, 21 (1925) 352. – Suregada glandulosa (Elm.) Croizat, Bull. Jard. Bot Btzg III, 17 (1942) 216. – Suregada trifida (Elm.) Croizat, I.c. Sri Lanka and India to Australia and Oceania. KALIMANTAN, SULAWESI, NUSA TENGGARA, MALUKU, PAPUA. Photos
  3. Rinorea crassa P.F.Stevens, Harvard Pap. Bot. 3: 261 (1998); Sun et al., Plants 13 (2024); POWO (2026). Endemic to Indonesian Borneo. KALIMANTAN.
  4. Rinorea horneri (Korth.) O.K. Rev. Gen. PI. 1 (1891) 42; Jacobs & Moore, Fl. Malesiana ser 1. 7, 1 (1971) 185. – Alsodeia horneri Korth. Ned. Kruidk. Arch. 1 (1848) 360. – Alsodeia browni Korth. Ned. Kruidk. Arch. 1 (1848) 361. – Alsodeia kunstleriana King, J. As. Soc. Beng. 58, ii (1889) 401. – Rinorea brownii (Korth.) O.K. Rev. Gen. PI. 1 (1891) 42. – Alsodeia astrolabes K.Schum. & Lauterb. FI. Schutzgeb. (1901) 451. – Rinorea copelandii Merr. Philip. Gov. Lab. Bur. Bull. 35 (1906) 45. – Rinorea acuminata Merr. Philip. J. Sc. 5 (1910) Bot. 201. – Alsodeia hirtella Ridl. Bull. Misc. Inf. Kew (1914) 377. – Rinorea amboinensis Merr. Philip. J. Sc. 11 (1916) Bot. 292. – Rinorea hirtella (Ridl.) Merr. En. Born. (1921) 410. – Rinorea castilloi Merr. Philip. J. Sc. 21 (1922) 530. – Rinorea astrolabes (K.Schum. & Laut.) Melch. in ENGLER & PRANTLNat. Pfl. Fam. ed. 2, 21 (1925) 352. – Rinorea ledermannii Melch. I.e. 370. – Rinorea elmeri Merr. Un. Calif. PuBlume Bot. 15 (1929) 206. – Rinorea celebica Melch. Notizbl. Berl.-Dahl. 12 (1934) 205. – Rinorea hamelii Merr. Pap. Mich. Ac. Sc. 19 (1934) 171. Southern Thailand and Malesia, except Java and Lesser Sunda Islands. SUMATRA, KALIMANTAN, SULAWESI, MALUKU, PAPUA.
  5. Rinorea javanica (Blume) O.K. Rev. Gen. PI. 1 (1891) 42; Jacobs & Moore, Fl. Malesiana ser 1. 7, 1 (1971) 188. – Prosthesia javanica Blume, Bijdr. (1826) 867. – Alsodeia haplobotrys Hassk. Versl. Kon. Ak. Wet. 4 (1856) 137. – Alsodeia javanica (Blume) Miq. Fl.Ind. Bat. 1, 2 (1859) 117. – lsodeia hookeriana King, J.As. Soc.Beng. 58, ii (1889) 402. – Alsodeia wrayi King, J. As. Soc. Beng. 58, ii (1889) 403. – Rinorea haplobotrys (Hassk.) O.K. Rev. Gen. PI. 1 (1891) 42. – Rinorea wrayi TAUB. in ENGLER & PRANTLNat. Pfl. Fam. 3, 6 (1895) 329. – Alsodeia minahassae Koord. Minah. (1898) 645. – Alsodeia formicaria Elm. Leaf!. Philip. Bot. 5 (1913) 1850. – Rinorea formicaria (Elm.) Merr. Philip. J. Sc. 12 (1917) Bot. 286. – Rinorea hookeriana (King) Burk. Bull. Misc. Inf. Kew (1935) 319; Diet. (1935) 1913. – Thailand, Indochina, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, W Java, Palawan, Sulawesi. SUMATRA, JAVA, SULAWESI.
  6. Rinorea lanceolata (Wall.) O.K. Rev. Gen. PI. 1 (1891) 42; Jacobs & Moore, Fl. Malesiana ser 1. 7, 1 (1971) 187. – Vareca lanceolata Wall, in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Wall. 2 (1824) 445. – Pentaloba lanceolata (Wall.) Arn. Mag. Zool. Bot. 2 (1848) 544. – Alsodeia brownei (non Korth.) Hassk. Retzia ed. Nov. (1858) 22. – Alsodeia cymulosa Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. 1, 2 (1859) 116, non Welw. 1868. – Alsodeia dasypyxis Miq. Sum. (1860) 391. – Alsodeia lanceolata Oudem. in Miq. Ann. 3 (1867) 68. – Alsodeia maingayi Hook.f. & Thomson in Hook.f. Fl. Br. Ind. 1 (1872) 188. – Alsodeia mollis Hook.f. & Thomson in Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. 1 (1872) 188. – Alsodeia floribunda King, J. As. Soc. Beng. 58, ii (1889) 406. – Rinorea cymulosa (Miq.) O.K. Rev. Gen. PI. 1 (1891) 42. – Rinorea maingayi (Hook.f. & Thomson) O.K. Rev. Gen. PI. 1 (1891) 42. – Rinorea mollis (Hook.f. &Thomson) O.K. Rev. Gen. PI. 1 (1891) 42. – Alsodeia grandiflora Ridl. Bull. Misc. Inf. Kew (1914) 377. – Rinorea floribunda (King) Merr. Pap. Mich. Ac. Sc. 19 (1934) 171. Burma, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, W Java. SUMATRA, JAVA.
  7. Rinorea longiracemosa (Kurz) Craib, Fl. Siam. En. 1 (1925) 90; Jacobs & Moore, Fl. Malesiana ser 1. 7, 1 (1971) 189. – Alsodeia longiracemosa Kurz, J. As. Soc. Beng. 39, ii (1870) 63. – Alsodeia cinerea King, J. As. Soc. Beng. 58, ii (1889) 403. – Alsodeia cinerea var. hirsutiflora King, J. As. Soc. Beng. 58, ii (1889) 404. – Alsodeia macropyxis Capit.Bull. Soc. Bot.Fr. 57 (1910) 395. – Rinorea macropyxis (Capit.) Merr. En. Born. (1921) 411. – Rinorea gaultheriiflora J. J.Sm. Bull. Jard. Bot. Btzg III, 4 (1922) 231, t. 5. – Rinorea borneensis Merr. Un. Calif. Publ. Bot. 15 (1929) 206. Myanmar, Indochina, Hainan, Thailand, W Malesia. SUMATRA, JAVA, KALIMANTAN.
  8. Rinorea macrophylla (Decne) O.K. Rev. Gen. PI. 1 (1891) 42; Jacobs & Moore, Fl. Malesiana ser 1. 7, 1 (1971) 190. – Alsodeia macrophylla Decne, Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 3 (1834)468, t. 19 = Herb. Timor. Descr. (1835) 100, t. 19. – Alsodeia horsfieldii Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. 1, 2 (1859) 117. – Alsodeia dasycaula Miq. Sumatra (I860) 391. – Alsodeia horsfieldii Turcz. Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou 36 (1863) i 559. – Alsodeia membranacea King, J. As. Soc. Beng. 58, ii (1889) 402. – Rinorea horsfieldii (Miq.) O.K. Rev. Gen. PI. 1 (1891) 42. – Rinorea palawanensis Merr. Philip. J. Sc. 1 (1906) Suppl. 210; En. Philip. 3 (1923) 104, incl. var. mollis. – Alsodeia hispida Ridl. J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 6 (1912) 50. – Rinorea dasycaula (Miq.) Craib, Fl. Siam. En. 1 (1925) 88; Gagnep. Fl. Gen. I.-C. Suppl. 1 (1939) 194. – Rinorea yatesii Merr. Pap. Mich. Ac. Sc. 19 (1934) 173. Assam to Philippines and Lesser Sunda Islands. SUMATRA, JAVA, NUSA TENGGARA. Photos
  9. Rinorea sclerocarpa (Burgersd.) Jacobs, Blumea 15 (1967) 131; Jacobs & Moore, Fl. Malesiana ser 1. 7, 1 (1971) 186. – Alsodeia sclerocarpa Burger. in Miq. PI. Jungh. (1852) 122. – Alsodeia rugosa Miq. Sumatra (1860) 390. – Alsodeia condensa King, J. As. Soc. Beng. 58, ii (1889) 405. – Alsodeia pachycarpa King, J. As. Soc. Beng. 58, ii (1889) 407. – lsodeia scortechinii King, J. As. Soc. Beng. 58, ii (1889) 405. – Rinorea pachycarpa (King) Craib, Fl. Siam. En. 1 (1925) 91. – Rinorea scortechinii (King) Craib, I.E. – Rinorea sumatrana Merr. Pap. Mich. Ac. Sc. 19 (1934) 172. R. condensa (King) Merr. I.e. 173. Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. SUMATRA.
  10. Rinorea macrantha Jacobs, Blumea 15 (1967) 133, f. 1; Jacobs & Moore, Fl. Malesiana ser 1. 7, 1 (1971) 188. Western central Borneo. KALIMANTAN.

 

VIOLA L.

  1. Viola arcuata Blume, Bijdr. (1825) 58; Jacobs & Moore, Fl. Malesiana ser 1. 7, 1 (1971) 206. – Viola distans Wall. [Cat. (1831) n. 40221 Trans. Med. Soc. Calc. 7 (1835) 227. – Viola japonica (non Langsd.) Korth. Ned. Kruidk. Arch. 1 (1848) 357. – Viola alata Burger. in Miq. PI. Jungh. 1 (1852) 121. – Viola toppingii Elm. Leafl. Philip. Bot. 2 (1908) 504. – Viola semilunaris (Maxim.) Becker var. philippinarum Becker, Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 34, ii (1916) 231. – Viola lunata Ridl. Trans. Linn. Soc., Bot. 9 (1916) 18. – Viola herbivaga Ridl. J. Bot. 73 (1935) 17. India to New Guinea. SUMATRA, JAVA, MALUKU, PAPUA.
  2. Viola betonicifolia J. E. Smith in Rees, Cyclop. 37, I (1817) n. 7; Jacobs & Moore, Fl. Malesiana ser 1. 7, 1 (1971) 202. Himalaya to Australia, scattered.
    • Viola betonicifolia subsp. betonicifolia: Jacobs & Moore, Fl. Malesiana ser 1. 7, 1 (1971) 203. – Viola betonicifolia J.E.Sm. – Viola betonicifolia J.E.Sm. subsp. australis Becker, Bot. Jahrb. 54 (1917) BeiBlume 120, 166. – Viola betonicifolia J.E.Sm. subsp. nepalensis Becker, 1.e.; Philip. J. Sc. 19 (1921) 716. – Viola patrinii DC. var. napaulensis DC. Prod. 1 (1824) 293. – Viola caespitosa D.Don, Prod. Fl. Nepal. (1825) 205. – Viola patrinii DC. var. caespitosa Ridl. J. Bot. 73 (1935) 17. – Viola patrinii (non DC.) Merr. Philip. J. Sc. 5 (1910) Bot. 200, pro parte. Sumatra, Java, Philippines, Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara, W New Guinea. SUMATRA, JAVA, KALIMANTAN, SULAWESI, NUSA TENGGARA, PAPUA.
    • Viola betonicifolia subsp. nova-guineensis D.M.Moore in Fedde, Rep. 68 (1963) 82; Jacobs & Moore, Fl. Malesiana ser 1. 7, 1 (1971) 203. Sumatra, Philippines, Sulawesi, Lesser Sunda Islands (Timor), New Guinea. NUSA TENGGARA, PAPUA.
  3. Viola biflora L., Sp. PI. (1753) 936; Jacobs & Moore, Fl. Malesiana ser 1. 7, 1 (1971) 201. Europe, America, Himalaya to Japan, Sumatra. SUMATRA. Photos
  4. Viola binayensis Okamoto & K.Ueda, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 37: 1 (1986); Sun et al., Plants 13 (2024); POWO (2026). Endemic to Maluku Archipelago. MALUKU.
  5. Viola curvistylis Boissieu & Capitaine, Bull Soc. Bot. Fr. 57 (1910) 339; Jacobs & Moore, Fl. Malesiana ser 1. 7, 1 (1971) 210. – Viola ovalifolia Becker, Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 34, ii (1916) 256. – Viola malvina Ridl. J. Fed. Mai. St. Mus. 15 (1917) 135. – Viola serpens (non Wall.) Ridl. Fl. Mai. Pen. 1 (1922) 126, pro parte. – Viola lecomteana Becker ex Gagnep. Suppl. Fl. G6n. 1.-C. 1 (1939) 181, descr. gall., illeg. Myanmar, Indochina, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, North Borneo. SUMATRA.
  6. Viola diffusa Gingins in DC. Prod. 1 (1824) 298; Jacobs & Moore, Fl. Malesiana ser 1. 7, 1: 202 (1971). Photos
    • Viola diffusa subsp. apoensis (Elm.) D.M.Moore, comb. nov. – Viola apoense Elm. Leafl. Philip. Bot. 8 (1915) 2878. – Viola diffusa Ging. ssp. tenuis (Benth.) Becker, Philip. J. Sc. 19 (1921) 714, pro parte. Philippines and New Guinea. PAPUA.
  7. Viola hamiltoniana D.Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal.: 206 (1825); Sun et al., Plants 13 (2024); POWO (2026). – Viola serpens var. hamiltoniana (D.Don) Hook.f. & Thomson ex H.Boissieu in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 57: 259 (1910). – Viola alata Burgersd. in F.A.W.Miquel, Pl. Jungh.: 121 (1852). – Viola alata W.Becker in Beih. Bot. Centralbl., Abt. 2. 20: 125 (1906), nom. illeg. homonym. post. – Viola alata subsp. verecunda (A.Gray) W.Becker in Beih. Bot. Centralbl., Abt. 2. 34: 227 (1916). – Viola arcuata Blume in Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind.: 58 (1826). – Viola arcuata f. radicans (Makino) Nakai in Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 36: 88 (1922). – Viola arcuata var. verecunda (A.Gray) Nakai in Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 36: 88 (1922). – Viola carlesii Nakai in Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 42: 557 (1928). – Viola distans Wall. in Trans. Med. Soc. Calcutta 7: 227 (1835). – Viola excisa Hance in J. Bot. 6: 296 (1868). – Viola excisa var. subaequiloba (Franch. & Sav.) Nakai in Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 36: 85 (1922). – Viola fibrillosa W.Becker in Beih. Bot. Centralbl., Abt. 2. 34: 229 (1916). – Viola herbivaga Ridl. in J. Bot. 73: 17 (1935). – Viola hupeiana W.Becker in Beih. Bot. Centralbl., Abt. 2. 34: 232 (1916). – Viola japonica var. decumbens Franch. & Sav. in Enum. Pl. Jap. 2(2): 287 (1878). – Viola japonica var. pusilla Franch. & Sav. in Enum. Pl. Jap. 2(2): 287 (1878). – Viola japonica var. subaequiloba Franch. & Sav. in Enum. Pl. Jap. 2(2): 287 (1878). – Viola lunata Ridl. in Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 9: 17 (1916). – Viola metziana Hohen. ex Hook.f. in Fl. Brit. India 1: 184 (1872), not validly publ. – Viola notoniana Wall. in Numer. List: n.° 1449 (1829), not validly publ. – Viola semilunaris (Maxim.) W.Becker in Beih. Bot. Centralbl., Abt. 2. 34: 231 (1916). – Viola semilunaris var. divaricata Honda in Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 46: 677 (1932). – Viola toppingii Elmer in Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 2: 504 (1908). – Viola verecunda A.Gray in Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts, n.s., 6: 382 (1858). – Viola verecunda f. candidissima M.Mizush. ex E.Hama in J. Jap. Bot. 51: 340 (1976). – Viola verecunda f. divaricata (Honda) F.Maek. in H.Hara, Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 3: 221 (1954). – Viola verecunda var. excisa (Hance) Maxim. in Mélanges Biol. Bull. Phys.-Math. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 9: 750 (1886). – Viola verecunda var. fibrillosa (W.Becker) Ohwi in Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus. Tokyo 33: 80 (1953). – Viola verecunda f. hensoaensis Kudô & Sasaki in Rep. (Annual) Taihoku Bot. Gard. 1: 37 (1931). – Viola verecunda f. radicans Makino in Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 27: 153 (1913). – Viola verecunda var. semilunaris Maxim. in Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg, sér. 3, 23: 335 (1877). – Viola verecunda var. subaequiloba (Franch. & Sav.) F.Maek. in H.Hara, Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 3: 221 (1954). – Viola verecunda f. variegata Honda in Nom. Pl. Japonic., ed. emend.: 389 (1957). – Viola verecunda f. Violascens Hiyama ex F.Maek. in H.Hara, Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 3: 221 (1954). – Viola verecunda var. yakusimana (Nakai) Ohwi in Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus. Tokyo 33: 80 (1953). – Viola wightiana var. glabra Thwaites in Enum. Pl. Zeyl.: 20 (1858). – Viola yakusimana Nakai in Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 36: 35 (1922). India to E Russia, and Malesia. SUMATRA, JAVA, MALUKU, PAPUA.
  8. Viola inconspicua Blume, Cat. Gew. Buitenzorg (1823) 57; FM. – Viola trinervis Korth. Ned. Kruidk. Arch. 1 (1848) 357. – Viola confusa Champ, ex Benth. in Hook. J. Bot. Kew Misc. 3 (1851) 260, pro parte. – Viola patrinii (non DC.) Boissieu & Capitaine, Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 57 (1910) 340. – Viola serpens (non Wall.) Ridl. Fl. Mai. Pen. 1 (1922) 126, pro parte. Himalaya to Central Malesia (Philippines). SUMATRA, JAVA.
  9. Viola javanica Becker, Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 34, ii (1916) 260; Jacobs & Moore, Fl. Malesiana ser 1. 7, 1 (1971) 206. Endemic to E Java. JAVA.
  10. Viola kjellbergii Melchior, NotizbI. Berl.-Dahl- -12 (1934) 206; Jacobs & Moore, Fl. Malesiana ser 1. 7, 1 (1971) 210. – Viola arcuata (non Blume) Ooststr. & H.J. Lam, Blumea 5 (1945) 594. – Viola lagaipensis D.M.Moore, Nova Guinea, Bot. n. 11 (1963) 182. Sulawesi and New Guinea. SULAWESI, PAPUA.
  11. Viola mearnsii Merr., Philip. J. Sc. 5 (1910) Bot. 200; Jacobs & Moore, Fl. Malesiana ser 1. 7, 1 (1971) 205. Philippines and Sulawesi. SULAWESI.
  12. Viola papuana Becker & Pulle, Nova Guinea 8 (1912) 670; Jacobs & Moore, Fl. Malesiana ser 1. 7, 1 (1971) 211. – Viola klossii Ridl. Trans. Linn. Soc.’, Bot. 9 (1916) 18. Endemic to New Guinea. PAPUA.
  13. Viola philippica Cav., Icon. Descr. 6 (1801) 19. – Viola confusa Champ. ex Benth. in Hook. J. Bot. Kew Misc. 3 (1851) 260, pro parte. – Viola selkirkii (non Pursh) Bouissieu & Capitaine, Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 57 (1910) 337. – Viola edanoii Becker, Philip. J. Sc. 19 (1921) 722. Sumatra, Java, Philippines, Sulawesi, Lesser Sunda Islands. SUMATRA, JAVA, SULAWESI, NUSA TENGGARA.
  14. Viola pilosa Blume, Cat. Gew. Buitenzorg (1823) 57; Jacobs & Moore, Fl. Malesiana ser 1. 7, 1 (1971) 207. – Viola serpens Wall. ex Ging. in DC. Prod. 1 (1824) 296. – Viola palmaris Buch.-Ham. ex Ging. in DC. Prod. 1 (1824) 298. – Viola hamiltoniana D.Don, Prod. Fl.Nepal. (1825) 206. – Viola sarmentosa Burger. in Miq. PI. Jungh. 1 (1852) 120. – Viola burgersdijkii Oudhmans in Miq. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 3 (1867) 77. – Viola glaucescens Oudhmans in Miq. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 3 (1867) 74. – Viola confusa (non Champ.) Boissieu & Capitaine, Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 57 1910) 339. – Viola canescens (non Wall.) Boissieu & Capitaine, I.e. 338. – Viola celebica Becker in Fedde, Rep. 14 (1916) 321. Himalaya to Maluku Archipelago. SUMATRA, JAVA, SULAWESI, NUSA TENGGARA, MALUKU.
  15. Viola sumatrana Miq., Sum. (1860) 389; Jacobs & Moore, Fl. Malesiana ser 1. 7, 1 (1971) 210. – Viola sumatrana Miq. var. caerulescens Boissieu & Capitaine, Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 57 (1910) 341. – Viola hossei Becker, Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 34, ii (1916) 257, pro parte. – Viola sikkimensis Becker var. acuminatifolia Becker, Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 34, ii (1916) 260. – Viola serpens (non Wall.) Ridl. FL. Mai. Pen. 1 (1922) 126. – Viola korinchensis Ridl. J. Bot. 73 (1935) 15. – Viola robinsonii Ridl. I.e. 16. – Viola jugalis Ridl. I.e. 18. China, Burma, Thailand, Indo-china; Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo. SUMATRA, KALIMANTAN.

 

INTRODUCED

VIOLA L.

  1. Viola odorata L., Sp. PI. (1753) 934; Jacobs & Moore, Fl. Malesiana ser 1. 7, 1 (1971) 201. Europe to Caucasus. Introduced to Java. Photos
  2. Viola tricolor L., Sp. PI. (1753) 935; Jacobs & Moore, Fl. Malesiana ser 1. 7, 1 (1971) 201. Native of Turkey to Himalaya. Introduced to Indonesia in Java. Photos

 

References